Ana de Osorio, condesa de Chinchón y la corteza de quina
Elevada a Villa por Enrique IV y a Ciudad “muy noble y muy leal” merced a Felipe V, Chinchón es uno de los más bellos lugares de la Comunidad de Madrid.
Una ciudad que también ha quedado para siempre unida a la Historia de la Medicina y de la Farmacia gracias a una noble dama del siglo XVII, Ana de Osorio, condesa de Chinchón y a la corteza de quina.
En la particular historia del empleo de la corteza de quina en terapéutica, es importante el que juega doña Ana de Osorio, esposa del conde de Chinchón, virrey del Perú.
Una particular historia que se inicia con las crónicas americanas que nos cuentan como los indios peruanos curaban sus fiebres tropicales bebiendo infusiones de la corteza de una clase de árboles “de gran belleza por la elegancia del tronco, follaje y flores de la familia de las rubiáceas”, que será mas comúnmente conocido como árbol de la quina.
Las noticias de las propiedades curativas de la quina, no tardarán en llegar a oídos de los médicos al servicio de los altos dignatarios que España enviaba a las colonias americanas.
A ello contribuirá, sin duda alguna, el hecho de que los polvos de la corteza de quina han sido empleados con éxito en las fiebres o calenturas tercianas de Don Juan Lopes de Cañizares y posteriormente en la propia Condesa de Chinchón.
Así es posible leerlo en el prólogo que escribe Manuel Hernández de Gregorio, boticario de la Corte, para la edición póstuma del libro El arcano de la Quina de José Celestino Mutis (1732-1808):
“Un corregidor de Loxa después de haberla recibido de manos de un indio, y experimentado él mismo sus felices efectos en 1636, se la regaló en 1638 al virrey del nuevo reino de Granada, Don Gregorio Fernández de cabrera, conde de Chinchón, de donde tomó el nombre de Chinchona, y la condesa, su esposa, después de haberla hecho ensayar con felices resultados en el Hospital de Lima, fue la primera europea que experimentó sus maravillosos efectos”
Las crónicas amplían estos datos asegurando que la condesa sufría de “fiebres tercianas” y que el médico del virrey, don Juan de la Vega, le había administrado la corteza de quina, consiguiendo su curación. Será precisamente este físico quien traerá la quina a España, cuando, acompañando a la Condesa de Chinchón ,llega al puerto de Sevilla:
“...antes de promediar el siglo XVII los médicos españoles se hicieron eco de las virtudes curativas de la corteza de la quina, entre ellos, se anticiparon Juan de la Vega que la empleó en Sevilla y Pedro Barba que divulgó las propiedades del fármaco en su conocida obra Vera Praxis ad curationem tertianam (1642)” (Riera, J. 1994)
También por el mismo puerto de Sevilla comienza a llegar la corteza de quina de namos de la Orden de los jesuitas, siendo un Procurador de la Orden, el cardenal de Lugo, quien la lleve hasta Roma.
El nuevo fármaco conocerá uno de los más espectaculares éxitos terapéuticos. A ello no será ajeno las noticias de la curación, gracias a su empleo, de unas “calenturas” de Luis XIV, a quien dos cardenales, el cardenal Mazarino y nuestro cardenal de Lugo, hacen llegar la corteza de quina.
Rápidamente se irán ampliando las variedades de quina -roja, amarilla y blanca- e irá recibiendo los más diversos nombres: quina cascarilla, quina del Perú, kinakina.
1816, el portugués Gomes consigue aislar los alcaloides de la quina y cuatro años más tarde P.J. Pelletier y J.B. Caventou determinan las dosis más eficaces, Será finalmente obtenida sintéticamente, en 1944, por R. B. Woodward profesor de la Universidad de Harvard.
Pero en las páginas de la Historia de la Medicina figurará ya para siempre, el nombre de Ana de Osorio, condesa de Chinchón, asociado al fármaco extraído de la corteza del bello árbol de la quina. Un género de árbol al que el gran botánico Linneo, bautizará ,en 1742, y en honor de doña Ana de Osorio, como Chinchona officinalis.
el eremita said:
12 de October, 2008 @ 10:14
La Virreina del Perú y Condesa de Chinchón, fue doña Francisca Enriquez de Rivera, segunda esposa de don Luis Jerónimo Fernandez de Cabrera y Bobadilla. Doña Ana de Osorio fue la primera esposa del Conde y murió antes de ser nombrado Virrey del Perú.
Por otra parte, últimamente, se ha puesto en duda la participación directa de la Virreina del Perú en el descubrimiento de la Quina, aunque en su honor, Linneo dió el nombre de ‘Chinchona’ al arbol de la quina.
MIguel Angel Arribas said:
13 de October, 2008 @ 12:14
Hola eremita:
Efectivamente como tu bien indicas la historia se mueve no solo en la duda de si fue Ana de Osorio o Francisca Enríquez de Rivera la que favoreció la llegada de la Quina a Europa. Hay quien eopina que el primero en oprobar los efectos de la corteza fue el corregidor de Loxa en el virreinato de Quito, tal como indica Celestino Mutis en su libro El arcano de la Quina (1828).
Testimonios los hay para todos los gustos. En el Hospital del Espíritu Santo de Roma hay un mural del siglo XVII que muestra como los Condes de Chinchón reciben la quina de manosde un indio.
Más acertado sería indicar que fue la Condesa de Chinchón sin meterse en laberintos de si fue Ana o Francisca. ¿No te parece?
saludos
Miguel Angel Arribas
Ruben Corrales said:
1 de March, 2009 @ 23:32
Tras la lectura del artículo considero que la aportación de Ana de Osorio al descubrimiento de este fármaco es, más bien, meramente accidental, propia de un ilustre enfermo a quien se le aplica un medicamento que logra sanarle.
Claro está que el fármaco al cual hacemos referencia fue una revolución en la Europa del siglo XVIII, y que probablemente se hiciera famoso por curar a la condesa y otros personajes de la Corte, pero como indico, no podemos dar un protagonismo tal a un paciente, más aún, cuando estaba contrastado que en América ya funcionaba a nativos y a algunos colonos.
Es por tanto, necesario el reconocimiento a quien, en origen, y con prácticas tradicionales, fueron capaces de descubrir el fármaco, y no, por lo tanto, que un paciente pase a la historia sólo porque le ha funcionado lo que ya se sabía que funcionaba. Pero siendo justos, también hemos de reconocer que, gracias a la aplicación a este personaje ilustre de la Corte se difundieron sus bondades como medicamento.
Considero que el motivo correcto para pasar a la historia de la ciencia es más bien, el lanzamiento comercial como continuamente vemos en los modernos medios de comunicación, es decir, hoy en día un famoso (cine, político, televisión, sociedad…) toma algo, y la gente tiende a la imitación.
Muy probablemente, en la época, no hubiera otro modo mejor de popularizar éste medicamento.
http://www.salud.bioetica.org/quina.htm
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza_de_quina
http://www.edifarm.com.ec/Noticias/Descubrimiento.pdf
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